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Android Software Development Kit
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development
Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in the Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit
The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[5] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[6]
Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under
others
Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[11] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code or x86 code to be uploaded and executed. ARM or x86 code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[11] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[12] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source licence.[13] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[14]
Unlike Java App development based on the Eclipse IDE, the NDK is based on command-line tools and requires invoking them manually to build, deploy and debug the apps. Several third-party tools allow integrating the NDK into Eclipse[15] and Visual Studio[16].
Similar to Microsoft Visual Basic 6, Simple programs are form definitions (which contain components) and code (which contains the program logic). The interaction between the components and the program logic happens through events triggered by the components. The program logic consists of event handlers which contain code reacting to the events.
The Simple project is not very active[24], the last source code update being in August 2009.
Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in the Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit
The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[5] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[6]
Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under
/data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible only to root user for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files[8] (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executables), resource files, etc.others
Native development kit
Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM or x86 native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using theSystem.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[9][10]Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[11] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code or x86 code to be uploaded and executed. ARM or x86 code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[11] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[12] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source licence.[13] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[14]
Unlike Java App development based on the Eclipse IDE, the NDK is based on command-line tools and requires invoking them manually to build, deploy and debug the apps. Several third-party tools allow integrating the NDK into Eclipse[15] and Visual Studio[16].
Android Open Accessory Development Kit
The Android 3.1 platform (also backported to Android 2.3.4) introduces Android Open Accessory support, which allows external USB hardware (an Android USB accessory) to interact with an Android-powered device in a special "accessory" mode. When an Android-powered device is in accessory mode, the connected accessory acts as the USB host (powers the bus and enumerates devices) and the Android-powered device acts as the USB device. Android USB accessories are specifically designed to attach to Android-powered devices and adhere to a simple protocol (Android accessory protocol) that allows them to detect Android-powered devices that support accessory mode.[17]App Inventor for Android
Main article: Google App Inventor
On 12 July 2010, Google announced the availability of App Inventor
for Android, a Web-based visual development environment for novice
programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing
access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data,
phone functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact
data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon
and Twitter.[18] "We could only have done this because Android’s architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[19] Under development for over a year,[20]
the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer
science at Harvard, MIT, Wellesley, Trinity College (Hartford,) and the
University of San Francisco, where Professor David Wolber developed an
introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer
science students based on App Inventor for Android.[21][22]HyperNext Android Creator
Main article: HyperNext
HyperNext Android Creator (HAC) is a software development system
aimed at beginner programmers that can help them create their own
Android apps without knowing Java and the Android SDK. It is based on HyperCard
that treated software as a stack of cards with only one card being
visible at any one time and so is well suited to mobile phone
applications that have only one window visible at a time. HyperNext
Android Creator's main programming language is simply called HyperNext and is loosely based on Hypercard's HyperTalk
language. HyperNext is an interpreted English-like language and has
many features that allow creation of Android applications. It supports a
growing subset of the Android SDK including its own versions of the GUI
control types and automatically runs its own background service so apps
can continue to run and process information while in the background.The Simple project
The goal of Simple is to bring an easy-to-learn-and-use language to the Android platform.[23] Simple is a BASIC dialect for developing Android applications. It targets professional and non-professional programmers alike in that it allows programmers to quickly write Android applications that use the Android runtime components.Similar to Microsoft Visual Basic 6, Simple programs are form definitions (which contain components) and code (which contains the program logic). The interaction between the components and the program logic happens through events triggered by the components. The program logic consists of event handlers which contain code reacting to the events.
The Simple project is not very active[24], the last source code update being in August 2009.
Basic4android
Basic4android is a commercial product similar to Simple.[25] It is inspired by Microsoft Visual Basic 6 and Microsoft Visual Studio. Basic4android is very active, and there is a strong online community of Basic4android developers.
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